作者:顾明 Hopeland Legal 刑事辩护与商业辩护 (原创)
我在澳洲生活工作多年,在银行界工作多年后,然后在昆士兰警察署工作了七年,期间约有五年担任警方检察官(亦名指控官)。澳洲是一个事无巨细都有法律、规则存在的地方,构在了指引人们行为的方方面面的路标。这些规范大致可分为两方面,一是不能做的事,逾越后会有处罚。一是应该怎样做的事,比如指引。澳洲有一个非常重要的机制就是投诉机制,所谓投诉,即包括犯罪方面的,也包括民事,比如歧视及不端行为等。当投诉方,发现了违规行为,就可以进行投诉。澳洲可以承接投诉的单位,非常多,比如警方,税务局,廉政公署,反歧视专员署等等,还包括各个单位的内部调查部门。严格意义上来讲,对警方的报案,其实就是一种投诉。
作为承接投诉的部门,最重要的职责就是收集证据,然后,根据证据的力度,以及公共利益的综合考量,决定是否是起诉。值得注意的就是,投诉及调查本身,并不意外着犯罪,因为在法律方面,有着著名的无罪推定,也就是说未经审判,任何人都是无罪。换言之,只有法庭可以定罪。在证据的采用上,有证据法控制所有的细节,对证据的相关性以及可采用性,有着非常复杂的规定,以在个人受到公平审判以及社会公共利益间取得一个平衡。举一个极端的例子,就是违法取得的证据,通常会被法庭排除,不是因为证据本身有问题,而是因为其取得的手段违背社会的公共利益,因此必须排除,不可以被法庭采纳。而对排除证据的一系列主张,取决于两个条件,第一,当事人必须要提出抗辩,因为只有通过抗辩才会进入听证环节。第二,当事方必须具有专业的证据法知识及丰富的法庭经验,才能有效地质疑并检验证据。由此可见,寻求专业刑法律师的法律援助,实在是保护当事方合法权益的必要条件。
Hopeland Legal 原创 网址:https://hopelandlegal.com.au/news/view/6
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